Las Vegas pursuit of murder suspects

This is real world analysis from a law enforcement officer of 41 years who has worked for both federal and local LE agencies and, additionally, served as an EVOC instructor for 25+ years, an EVOC Sergeant, and as Rangemaster for a 2,000+ officer department.

Was it such a great video?

First, the story from KMPH.com:

BODY CAM: Officer returns fire at murder suspects during intense pursuit

Monday, July 16th 2018

Body Cam footage released by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department shows an intense pursuit seen from the front seat of a Metro patrol car.

For roughly four minutes Officer William Umana was trying to stop a pair of suspected killers: Fidel Miranda and Rene Nunez.

During the chase, the pair fired at police 34 times. Umana is seen on camera shooting back while driving, blowing holes in his own windshield.

The pursuit eventually ends at Howard Hollingsworth Elementary School near Bruce & Fremont, where the suspects crashed their vehicle.

Miranda, police say, tried to reverse towards officers before he was shot and killed.

Nunez, meanwhile, ran away and tried to hide on school grounds.

He was caught and arrested.

“When you look at that video you get a clear picture of what officers were dealing with,” said Assistant Sheriff Tim Kelly. “In my opinion they showed bravery and heroics we come to expect from our officers.”

No doubt the stakes were high.

Police Miranda and Nunez were well-armed and suspected in a homicide from just two hours prior to the pursuit. They had reportedly shot and killed a man at a car wash at Eastern and Searles.

According to Sheriff Kelly, LVMPD policy allows officers to pursue and even fire at fleeing suspects if there is imminent danger to others.

“The officer could have backed off but he didn’t,” Sheriff Kelly said. “He stuck with it knowing what he was dealing with.”

Let’s check the video itself. And let’s consult the video in future reference.

In any pursuit event the adrenaline is running high. In a pursuit where officers realize the criticality is even higher due to the nature of the suspects involved — that is to say, they were believed to have been responsible for a murder two hours prior — things are ratcheted up perhaps geometrically.

That said, shooting through the window of one’s own unit is, at best, unreliable in these conditions and, at worst, potentially conducive to the exact results an officer doesn’t want. We’ll get into that.

First and foremost, there are two elements of any pursuit that must be considered:

  • Officer safety, and
  • Citizen safety

I place officer safety in the first position because, if officers are not safe or become injured they cannot readily carry out their mission of citizen safety. As I would tell my trainees when in Patrol as an FTO (Field Training Officer), the Hierarchy of Survival in a LE vehicle is this:

  1. LE Driver (if the driver isn’t safe the passenger and all others cannot be safe)
  2. LE Passenger (whose job it is to ably support the driver)
  3. Civilians
  4. Suspects

Civilians are in the third position because of reality. You can see my reasoning above. This conflicts with others who haven’t considered the reality of a law enforcement paradigm. Or what I used to call the “dynamics of the cockpit.”

Let’s examine the video.

Officer Umana first considers firing, left-handed, out the window as he is driving. This is his weak hand.

He subsequently fires five rounds right handed, through the windshield, in front of his face. Then six rounds two-handed, both hands off the steering wheel at high speed on a residential street. With no clear idea of his backstop.

Time for some scrutiny.

The first and primary complication involves Officer Umana firing through the windshield. This becomes a self-created problem of the senses. The first is auditory. Though it would appear that the firearm of choice in this vehicle is the Glock 17 in 9 mm, capping off a series of rounds within the confines of a Ford Explorer cockpit — though the window has been rolled down in possible anticipation of firing left-handed through it — is problematic at best. Even standing on an open range within a few feet of an individual firing a 9 mm handgun can be deafening with ear ringing occurring immediately.

Firing a 9 mm within such a limited space is also problematic because, of course, no officer carries earplugs nor can they anticipate when to insert them, if even they possessed them. Further, in terms of auditory issues, rolling down the left window also exposes the officer to the heightened sound of the siren — an issue unto itself: so-called “siren psychosis.” This was eliminated to a degree by removing sirens from the roofs of units and placing them on the front grill assembly years ago. There are also siren kill switches when vehicles are placed into PARK at the terminal point of pursuits, something police vehicle upfitters simply do now and officers don’t have to worry about. Still, during pursuits officers are trained to roll up all windows and turn up the radio.

But firing a handgun inside a tightly confined space like a vehicle is an auditory issue.

Then there is the visual issue. Fracturing the windshield directly within the line of sight to the vehicle ahead belonging to two murder suspects is problematic in terms of a clear and unimpeded view of some very bad guys. And your driving. And your analysis of surrounding conditions.

There is also the issue of potential interior glass spray or dust clouding the eyes. Windshields these days are of the safety variety and retain coherent laminated plastic layers to eliminate shard scattering. That said, it’s one serious chance taken. Let’s be honest. You can see glass fragments on his dash. With an open driver’s window and traveling at speed, all the fragments didn’t just settle calmly to the dash.

Though the officer is right-handed, he considers firing outside the rolled-down window with his left hand, then discards the idea.

He is starting to task-shed. That is to say, with time and stress, officers — and anyone else in a similar situation — tend to lose minor and detailed motor skills for major muscle groups. The brain tends to go a bit lizard.

You have to ask: what is the purpose for the shots fired through the windshield? In the mind of the officer, there is no other remedy to counteract the shots fired upon him. That’s the only conclusion I can draw, obviously not having spoken to Officer Umana.

The serious problem stemming from firing through any diagonal plane — a Ford Explorer windshield in this case — is the placement of any object between a fired bullet and its destination. The issue is that of deflection and accuracy. The issue is the windshield.

Let’s state the obvious: a .308 rifle round fired at a windshield (or through a windshield from the interior) will penetrate much more readily than a 9 mm round. In reverse, bullets fired towards vehicle windshields frequently skip because of the angle of the windshield vs the round trajectory (and distance or the loss of some energy) unless you’re talking about cars of the 1940s and 1950s. This video will illustrate reality.

The “sparks” you see in front of the police driver are rounds striking the safety glass of the windshield. Even in the 1980s and 1990s I was witness to skipping bullets fired at law enforcement vehicles by suspects.

Placing any object between a 9mm round and its intended target will have a deleterious effect upon accuracy. A slanted windshield will be placed into the “that’s not so good” category no matter the angle or directionality.

In the below video a professional trainer, Kyle Lamb (who does this for a living), shoots a S&W M&P Shield in 9 mm through a windshield towards a target to his right at a distance of about 10′ or so, from the driver’s seat.

Even in these quite contained, close and static circumstances the rounds do not hit where Lamb aims. That is because an object has come into the path of the bullets.

With four hash marks on his left arm, Officer Umana is potentially a 20-year veteran of LVMPD. (In my department each stripe indicated five years. When I retired, I had eight stripes. In some departments one hash mark equals three years.) This denotes what should be a good range of experience. I make this distinction between himself and a rookie officer in terms training, education and experience.

Here we see a situation where a suspect’s rounds deflect from the sufficiently-slanted windshield of a law enforcement vehicle — much to the benefit of the following officer.

The officer lucked out in terms of an SUV’s rear window vs, perhaps, another late year model sedan with a canted rear windshield.

This is now an appropriate time to talk about what cops call “background” or “backstop.” That is to say, what is it that rests beyond the flight path of the rounds fired? Law enforcement officers are trained to take into account their backstops — which should be taken into consideration when examining shoot/don’t shoot situations.

For example, when Officer Umana fired his first volley of rounds through his windshield, he passed a moving U-Haul truck on the left. When you see a moving U-Haul truck you know there are persons inside. This is in a residential area with much narrower streets where you can rest assured adults and children are going to be outside. That’s your backstop.

The officer approaches closely to the vehicle on its right. He fires seven rounds out the open window to his left.

His slide locked back empty after eighteen rounds, 17 in the magazine and 1 chambered. Some task shedding is in effect. He attempts to insert a new magazine backwards. Luckily he is not under fire. He realizes his mistake and re-orients the magazine. This is a training issue and can also be an issue of the placement of magazine pouch directionality on his Sam Browne. Horizontal, vertical, inside snap or outside snap.

Officer Umana racks his slide instead of dropping the slide as he was initially trained. But kudos to him for getting back in gear. It’s a minor quibble but indicative of stress.

At the pursuit terminus, the officer unleashes thirteen rounds, then one more, making it fourteen rounds. That’s a total of thirty-two rounds fired during his pursuit.

The video ends.

Officer Umana performed under duress. I’ve been there. I’ve been shot at numerous times and, once, returned fire. I’ve written about this previously some years ago because I lived to tell about it.

At first blush, a great ending. Taken in consideration, some issues in question.

I make this post not to berate or shame the officer in the video. I make this post to point out one incredibly important thing: law enforcement must learn from its mistakes. If we fail to learn from our mistakes we do the profession no good or those we strive to serve.

I don’t want the conduct observed in the video to become anything like common practice in law enforcement. I have delineated, in detail, my reasoning for this. I make these comments not as some uninvolved third party who simply thinks the video “looks cool.” I make these observations as an SME in both affected areas with the requisite training, education and experience to do so.

Let me stop for a moment and mention the scenario where an officer’s vehicle is static or disabled and an armed suspect — the threat — approaches from the front, perhaps even firing during approach. Under that situation you’ll do whatever you can, perhaps firing through the windshield. That’s a different event requiring different tactics and is a much more dire situation than Officer Umana faced if for no other reasons than those of distance, closure rate and lack of officer mobility or escape routes, cover or concealment.

Yes, there is no doubt that Officer William Umana was brave and resilient. Granted. Particularly in light of the fact that these were murder suspects and that they had been firing weapons back at his vehicle.

The driver of the suspect vehicle was shot and killed. The second suspect was subsequently caught. The situation was such that, at this point, I am unaware of any secondary issues with other persons injured during the pursuit or its aftermath.

Both luck and God were smiling down on the involved officers that day. Police 2, Bad Guys 0. As well it should be.

Perhaps you’re thinking I’m too harsh by submitting that Officer Umana’s decision to fire through his windshield under these circumstances wasn’t a good idea.

We take the wins where we can. But I state unequivocally that we shouldn’t make this a standard response.

I’m sure you can imagine a different reactive scenario had an uninvolved citizen been wounded or killed as a result of the pursuit.

Law enforcement doesn’t operate in a vacuum nor can it. As with any other profession there can be trends and patterns.

I’d submit this: more LE agencies need to consider what is called “Left Of Bang.”

World class athletes do it.

Considering the stakes, cops should be taught to do it also.

Finally: Officer Umana won. He utilized the tools and resources he believed he needed at the time he needed them.

I cannot, fundamentally, fault success. God bless him.

Warning to law enforcement: be careful.

Remember Gordon Graham.

BZ

 

A new paradigm for US law enforcement

Police Officer MovedTami Jackson, a Conservative author who has written numerous articles for various blogs and news sites, and is editor in chief of RightVoiceMedia and currently executive editor for BarbWire.com, hosts her own streaming radio show once again on the 405 Media out of Los Angeles.

She contacted me on Monday and asked if I would appear on her 405 radio show Tamara Jackson On RadioTuesday night (7 PM Pacific) with guest Enes Smith, a former Tribal Police Chief for the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Indians of Oregon, as well as a detective, homicide investigator and author of numerous mysteries available on Amazon — to the point where “Cold River Rising” has been optioned for film.

The topic is American law enforcement and the current war on cops, as most recently exemplified by a 39-year-old Seaside, Oregon police officer being killed this past Friday the 5th.  From OregonLive.com:

A 13-year veteran of the Seaside Police Department was fatally shot while trying to arrest a career criminal with a history of assaulting officers, officials confirmed Saturday. 

Sgt. Jason Goodding died Friday night after he and another officer attempted to take 55-year-old Phillip Ferry into custody, Clatsop County District Attorney Josh Marquis said during a morning news conference at Seaside City Hall. 

They were trying to arrest Ferry on a warrant tied to an earlier assault on a police officer, said Sgt. Kyle Hove, an Oregon State Police spokesman. 

He is survived by his wife and two young daughters.  A husband and a father dies because of an individual who has a history of targeting law enforcement officers.  If convicted, the suspect will receive much street cred and respect in prison for having murdered a police officer.

Enes Smith knew Sgt Goodding personally.

Oddly enough I have been to Seaside.  My wife and I drove there during our honeymoon in 2007.  We stayed in Astoria but traveled to visit the Seaside Aquarium.

American law enforcement is in a state of flux right now.  There are major societal pressures on law enforcement from many directions.

There are those in Chicago who say there simply shouldn’t be any police presence in the city, as incredible as that may seem.  They want the Chicago PD defunded.  A Portland officer was removed from his position when he Tweeted off duty that he had to “babysit these fools” later, referring to Black Lives Matter protesters.  Repeat: he made that remark off duty, on his own time.  Sorry.  No freedom of speech for cops.

There is, contrasting, no problem with Black Lives Matter chanting about” pigs in a blanket, fry ’em like bacon.”

I asked, “who is responsible for the war on cops?”  I wrote: Barack Hussein Obama.

Obama sets the tone and the pace for the administration in DC and, by dint of that, the tone for the rest of those who follow he and his fellow political Leftists.

Trayvon Martin became Barack Hussein Obama’s son.  Obama didn’t have all the facts but proclaimed Martin a victim.  Zimmermann was found not guilty, though Obama had already found him guilty.

Obama stated with Bully Pulpit firmness that the Cambridge Police Department “acted stupidly” in the arrest of professor Henry Gates, though Obama didn’t have all the facts.  Gates, by the way, just “happened” to be a personal black friend of Obama’s.

Obama’s attitude of Officer Darren Wilson was that of guilt, though Wilson was never indicted or charged.  Wilson’s life was, however, ruined forever though not convicted of any crime.

Holder had the opportunity to make a statement when Black Panthers barricaded the polls in Philadelphia with weapons they carried, but Holder refused to take any actions whatsoever.

Obama has fanned racist flames, whenever he could, in Ferguson and in Baltimore.  It’s no secret that he wants to federalize police nationally.

Hold that thought.  We’ll get back to it.

On the other hand, a black male was baldly murdered for taking leg bail on a white police following a traffic stop.  That cop, University of Cincinnati Police Officer Ray Tensing, now in fact does face murder charges for the killing of Sanuel DuBose in July of 2015.  DeKalb County (GA) Police Officer Robert Olsen was indicted for murder in January of this year involving the shooting of Anthony Hill, a naked black man with PTSD.  A Portsmouth (VA) police officer, Stephen Rankin, was indicted for murder in September of 2015 for the shooting death of William Chapman, a black young man, stemming from a shoplifting call at a WalMart when Chapman charged at the officer

These are the exceptions and not the rule.  This doesn’t count Ferguson Police Officer Darren Wilson who was not charged at all after the shooting of Michael Brown, as well as countless other officers uncharged in various shootings around the country.  This also doesn’t take into account the white males who have been shot and killed at the hands of black police officers — a fact entirely unaddressed by media.

Statistically, roughly 5% of police shootings fall under circumstances that are questionable according to the Washington Post.  The vast majority of individuals shot and killed by police officers were armed with guns and killed after attacking police officers or civilians or making other direct threats.  Of the 960 people killed by police in 2015, 564 were armed with a gun.  281 were armed with another weapon.  Almost half have been white, a quarter have been black and one-sixth have been Hispanic.

Fact: doctors kill roughly 400,000 people per year in the United States.  Doctors are the #3 killer in the US, right behind heart disease and cancer.

In Ferguson, Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit, New York, even in my own department, officers are being assaulted, shot and/or killed and some are literally ambushed and assassinated, such as NYPD Detectives Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu.

On October 24th of last year, my department lost Deputy Danny Oliver, who was shot and killed during a suspicious person contact adjacent a motel.  That same suspect fled that scene, shot a civilian, and then killed Placer County Sheriff’s Detective Michael Davis Jr a short time later.  Detective Michael David Davis Jr. was killed 26 years — to the day — after his own law enforcement father was killed.  Both deputies were slain by a Mexican national who had been deported twice and had drug arrests.

The Ferguson Effect isn’t simply a phrase, it’s a phenomenon that is, I believe, a contributing factor — amongst many — to the rise in crime rates across the nation.  Even FBI Director James Comey believes there is such a thing as the Ferguson Effect.  My department is not exempt from it.  Deputies are having to consider not only the physical officer survival aspects of the job, but the career survival aspects as well.  What are the, now, political ramifications of doing something on a call?  Certainly, officers are responding to calls for service.  But trust me when I tell you that what is termed “self-initiated activity” is plummeting.  Good or bad, that is a fact.

This is occurring as, in general, the populace seems to culturally be turning more to port, whilst cops tend to be representative of a mid-to-starboard rudder position.

There is a general disrespect for authority and a specific disrespect for police, where the most recent public display occurred by Beyonce during the Super Bowl halftime, in full support of Black Lives Matter by way of the Black Panthers.

In front of a TV audience of one billion, her dancers paraded in outfits similar to controversial activists the Black Panthers. They also raised their fists in an apparent tribute.

The tiides have changed to the point where it is acceptable to denigrate the police during the Super Bowl.  And most persons are sufficiently ignorant as to be completely unaware.

Body cams for police officers will change everything.  There are large issues with body cameras and there are many varieties from which to choose.  Officers are already accustomed to dash cameras, many of which have an audio microphone placed on the officer themselves.

Video has changed the landscape for police officers nationally.  Not only are cameras everywhere, from freeways to intersections to bank ATMs to businesses far and wide.  Video cameras are in public transportation, buses, trucks and locomotives.  They are endemic.  It is customary now to video police, pushing the police as much as possible solely for video reactions.  YouTube is replete with examples, mostly focused upon “bad cops.”

Body cams create a lack of privacy for police that no one quite yet knows how to resolve.  When do you turn the cams on and off?  Who has an expectation of privacy regarding police body cams?  What about citizens on mundane report calls?  Their children, visiting neighbors or friends, people entirely uninvolved with a given call for service?

Will cops be videoed urinating, defecating?  Because, as an attorney, I can make an excellent argument that, unless turned on at the beginning of watch and only turned off at end of watch, “your officer specifically chose when to activate his camera to the detriment of my client.”  You see where I am going, I presume.

This is monitoring on an ultra scale, and does not even address the issue of expense, time and space.  Body cameras are not cheap.  The Denver Police Department has estimated a cost of $6.1 million taxpayer dollars to outfit their agency.  Then there is the issue of storage, mandating huge servers and huge space requirements.  Baltimore estimates a cost of $2.6 million dollars per year just for storage.  Then: how long do you keep your video take?  Where and how do you keep it?  And moreover, who can see it, when, where, and why?

That last question has huge connotations and unanswered issues.

Then there is the physical issue of uploading.  Police vehicles already outfitted with dashcams are generally automatically and wirelessly connected to police station servers at end of watch.  Some downloads are easy, some are difficult.  Police vehicles have been taken out of service for subsequent shifts because their uploads have not completed.  That already occurs in my department.

There is also the issue of comparing styles of police enforcement.  More and more US cops are being compared to England and other European countries who do not arm or minimally arm their police.  Norway, for example, recently decided to disarm their officers completely.  Again.

In the face of greater terror threats, ISIS, Syrian refugees, I believe this philosophy will not pay off for the lawful citizens of European nations.  Many EU nations are already wishing they had their own version of the Second Amendment.

People — and Obama — want US cops “de-militarized” despite the fact they are true first responders.  Not the FBI, not FEMA, not the national guard.  Your local law enforcement.  Yet Mr Obama and some citizens want police agency to give back their “scary equipment” like free MRAPs, military nylon equipment, ballistic helmets, dark boots and those even-more-frightening black rifles with funny thingies protruding all over.  They all look scary.  But they have been historically free from the US government as military surplus.

Funny thing: Mr Obama wants police departments to give back their scary equipment, but doesn’t mind leaving thousands and thousands of tons of equipment behind in the Middle East for ISIS to wrest from the grip of former allies of the US — to include MRAPs and its variables, Hummers, automatic weapons, shoulder-fired weapons, explosives and a host of armored vehicles to even include tanks.  Yes, there are US tanks now being driven and controlled by ISIS.

The Syrian refugee issue IS coming to the US, and just as what you see in Europe could easily happen here.  Mr Obama wants Syrian refugees imported into the US and that is already in occurring.  Ask any Texan.  With that importation comes the myriad problems associated with those young war-age males who bring no skills, no training, and entirely different and frequently incompatible cultural values.

There is also a push to re-train US cops like officers from Sweden and Scotland.  Major unmentioned differences between these nations include a history of gangs, a history of multiple groups and ethnicities, our western manifest destiny with firearms, and the size of the population and minimal comparative resources available.

There is the issue of the mentally ill.  Training. The never-ending threat of those with mental problems, juveniles, those with no concept of mortality or death.  I told my trainees there was almost nothing more dangerous than a mentally deficient male juvenile with a firearm.  I would have been inclined to the drop the hammer on a person of that type more readily than most anyone else.  A tough concept to swallow but based in reality.

We decided in the 60s to stop housing our mentally ill in buildings away from the population in general.  Good or bad, there are now thousands of mentally ill persons walking the streets, involved in crime, encountering officers, being arrested, and only receiving treatment for whatever brief periods they remain in national jails — then released back onto the streets.

Just because someone is mentally ill doesn’t make them less dangerous to the officer on the street and playing the “mentally ill card” seems to, more and more, excuse citizens and damn cops for force and violence between the two.

All along, there is huge, massive competition by law enforcement agencies for grants and assets they normally otherwise wouldn’t be able to afford.

There is also the Millennial Recruit issue — soldier veterans vs civilian recruits.  Cops are only as good as their surrounding agency gene pool.  We have to remember that Millennials — unless they served in the military — have seldom if ever been struck in anger.  You can train and train, but we are seeing that cops want to avoid going “hands-on” with a potential suspect as much as possible.  This is being reinforced by societal and agency administrative reactions.  Injured or killed cops cost money.

Millennials also aren’t familiar with many of the psychomotor skills and aspects of law enforcement required to do the job, such as EVOC (few Millennials, if they drive, drive large chassis vehicles), firearms range training and hands-on weaponless arrest tactics.

Millennials have no loyalty to jobs, change jobs, are into jobs for the working conditions first, and money a bit down the line.  How kindly and considerately they are treated by supervisors and managers makes the greatest difference to them.  What kind of car they get to drive, can they wear a beard, wear shorts, what kind of gun will they get to carry — those are all important aspects to Millennial recruits.  In their first weeks of training they will ask when they can take vacation days.  Their drive for patience and sacrifice is lacking.  Hand them a graveyard shift with crappy days off and few vacation days — well, that becomes a death knell.

Law enforcement realized many years ago that risk management has a great deal to do with police conduct, planning and training.  Because there are more attorneys per square inch in the United States, much of what law enforcement does is predicated upon their fiscal exposure to suits and resulting case law.  Gordon Graham was a man ahead of his time but still makes massive sense.

Law enforcement can still do better with its Risk Management.  Gordon Graham rules that venue with his Seven Rules of Risk Management and High Risk/Low Frequency incidents.  Liability, lawsuits, massive awards; all a part of law enforcement because of deadly potential consequences on so many calls.

Of course there are common sense applications to cop work.  To any job.  Common sense is how I operated as a cop and as a Sergeant.  I am an Oathkeeper, and a believer in keeping law enforcement as simple as possible — a very difficult task in the face of ever-changing and sometimes diminishing societal mores — but still do-able.

Wrap that all up in the average time at any given law enforcement call for service, where you have roughly 10 or 15 minutes to solve a set of problems that may have been growing and festering, sometimes, for weeks, months, maybe five, ten, sometimes twenty years.

A wise old Sergeant named Bill Roberts said something to me a long time ago that held then and holds now.  He said, “kid, there are only three things you need to do to have a good career.  Tell the truth.  Do your job.  Don’t be malicious.”

True then and true now.

There was a time when, literally — as I was told in the early 70s by a grizzled veteran of the Sacramento Police Department — the police academy was held in the shed of the Rose Garden of McClatchy Park for two weeks and, on their first day, they were handed the keys to a car and a shotgun.

Those days are gone, as well they should be.

We know that law enforcement is in the midst of a very important and perhaps potentially radical paradigm shift.

How radical?  Here is potentially the most important, as the advocacy wave is growing.  What wave?  The one where all national law enforcement shootings — and perhaps even all use of force incidents — are investigated by the federal government.

Trust me when I tell you that this will be the next trend in law enforcement.

In spite of these trends, there is hope.  Milwaukee County Sheriff David Clarke is a standout law enforcement administrator, as are Sheriff’s Joe Arpaio and Paul Babeu.

In closing, there are three things I know that are eternally immutable.

  • I am a Sheepdog.  For those of you who don’t know what that is, click the link.  I took an oath as a law enforcement officer and, even though I am retired, my oath has no expiration date.  I will defend my Constitution and foundational documents against all enemies, foreign and domestic, to my last breath.
  • If you want more cops, buy ’em.
  • Finally: society gets the kind of law enforcement it wants and deserves.

If the US keeps on its current path, it is going to get the kind of law enforcement it deserves.

BZ